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In 1753, Sweden again decided to adopt the Gregorian reform. The last day in the Julian calendar was 17 February 1753, and the following day was 1 March 1753. |
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2.) Great Britain. In 1751 a calendar act was passed, ordering the Gregorian calendar to be used for public and legal business. The day following 2 September 1752 was declared 14 September 1752, since the discrepancy had increased to 11 days. |
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At the same time, the date of the New Year was also changed from 25 March to 1 January. (This change had been enacted in Scotland in 1600.) The epacts and golden numbers were fixed by the full moon, rather than the new moon. The Church of England changed its calendar to match the Easter dates by the Gregorian calendar but retained the same form as the old Roman calendar by a complex scheme of tabular changes. |
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The change occurred in two steps. New Year was moved to January in 1751, so 31 December 1751 was followed by 1 January 1752. Later, the dates of 3 September through 13 September were omitted from 1752. Both years 1751 and 1752 have abnormal structures. |
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Dates in the old calendar were designated as Old Style, or O.S., and dates in the new calendar were designated as New Style, or N.S. These terms are actually preferable to Julian and Gregorian in this case, since multiple changes were involved. |
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Although special laws were passed prohibiting excesses, such as charging a full month's rent in September 1752, the populace did not understand the changes. Riots ensued, featuring the slogan, "Give us back our 11 days!" |
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There are many other examples of complexity in the adoption of the Gregorian reform. The imperial Diet of Regensburg decreed the reform for the Protestant states of Germany in 1700, for example, but mandated that the paschal moon be determined by the Rudolphine tables prepared by Johannes Kepler and not by the epact and golden numbers. This method was retained until 1774, when Frederick II of Prussia ordered it abandoned. |
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9.1.4.6
Reforms of the Reform |
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Three topics are concerned with changes to the Gregorian calendar. |
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The Orthodox Church adopted the Gregorian calendar with some changes. At a conclave in Constantinople in 1923, the Congress of Orthodox Oriental Churches adopted a revised Julian calendar which eliminates seven days in every 900 years from the Julian calendar, rather than three days in 400 years. The leap year rule modifies the third part of the Gregorian rule, stating that century years, when divided by 900, are leap years if the remainder is 200 or 600. The two calendars will diverge in A.D. 2800, when the Gregorian calendar will observe a leap year and the Eastern Orthodox calendar will not. The error of this calendar is one day in about 44,000 years. |
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