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CGI and Server-Side Scripting

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is not really a language, but a specification that enables programs to run on web servers. CGI programs can be written in any number of languages, including Perl, C, and Visual Basic.

Along with traditional CGI, scripting languages such as Microsoft's Active Server Pages, Java Server Pages, Cold Fusion, and PHP are often used on web servers. A server-side implementation of JavaScript is also available.

Server-side programs are heavily used on the Web. Almost every time you type information into a form and press a button to send it to a website, the data is processed by a server-side application.

The main difference between JavaScript and server-side languages is that JavaScript applications execute on the client (the web browser) and server-side applications execute on the web server. The main disadvantage of this approach is that, because the data must be sent to the web server and back, response time might be slow.

On the other hand, CGI can do things JavaScript can't do. In particular, it can read and write files on the server and interact with other server components, such as databases. Although a client-side JavaScript program can read information from a form and then manipulate it, it can't store the data on the web server.

JavaScript is often used in conjunction with server-side languages. In its simplest form, this means JavaScript handles client-side chores such as form validation, whereas a server-side language receives data and stores it in a database. Using AJAX, this interaction can be instantaneous and does not even require loading a new page.